Master’s thesis of Applied Sciences: The use of the integrated soil microcosms to assess accumulation of caesium (Cs) and lead (Pb) from contaminated soils by earthworms (Eisenia andrei) and the sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

The Use Of The Integrated Soil Microcosms To Assess Accumulation Of Caesium (Cs) And Lead (Pb) From Contaminated Soils By Earthworms (Eisenia Andrei) And The Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus)

Tác giả: HO VU VUONG

Lĩnh vực: School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.

Nội dung tài liệu: Nghiên cứu này tập trung vào việc sử dụng các vi môi trường đất tích hợp để đánh giá sự tích lũy Caesium (Cs) và Chì (Pb) từ đất ô nhiễm bởi giun đất (Eisenia andrei) và cây hướng dương (Helianthus annuus). Các thí nghiệm đã được tiến hành trong phòng thí nghiệm với đất bị ô nhiễm Cs đơn lẻ, Pb đơn lẻ, và hỗn hợp Cs+Pb. Kết quả cho thấy cây hướng dương có khả năng tích lũy sinh học Cs và Pb từ đất ô nhiễm, với sự tích lũy cao hơn ở rễ so với thân. Sự hiện diện của giun đất không làm tăng sự tích lũy Cs và Pb hoặc sự chuyển giao kim loại vi lượng từ rễ sang thân ở thực vật. Nghiên cứu cũng chỉ ra rằng Pb ít di động và ít khả dụng sinh học hơn Cs trong đất.

Mục lục chi tiết:

• Declaration
• Acknowledgements
• Table of contents
• List of figures
• List of tables
• Summary
• Common abbreviations
• List of communications
• Chapter 1. Introduction
  • 1.1 Contamination of soil by trace metals
    • 1.1.1 Soil resources
    • 1.1.2 World-wide soil contamination
    • 1.1.3 Sources of heavy metals in soil
  • 1.2 Caesium
    • 1.2.1 Characteristics of Cs
    • 1.2.2 Sources of Cs pollution
    • 1.2.3 Caesium in soils
    • 1.2.4 The Chemical behavior of Cs in soils
    • 1.2.5 Caesium and health effect in humans
    • 1.2.6 Caesium and environmental effects
    • 1.2.7 Remediation of Cs polluted soils
  • 1.3 Lead
    • 1.3.1 Characteristics of Pb
    • 1.3.2 Sources of Pb
    • 1.3.3 Lead in soils
    • 1.3.4 The chemical behavior of Pb in soil
    • 1.3.5 Lead and health effects in humans
    • 1.3.6 Lead and environmental effects
    • 1.3.7 Remediation of Pb polluted soils
  • 1.4 Remediation of contaminated soils
    • 1.4.1 Remediation of heavy metals in soils
    • 1.4.2 Remediation of radionuclides in soils
    • 1.4.3 Phytoremediation of heavy metals and radionuclides
  • 1.5 Sunflowers for phytoremediation of trace metals in soils
  • 1.6 Earthworms for remediation of heavy metals and radionuclides
  • 1.7 Use of toxicity tests for environmental risk assessment of contaminated soils
  • 1.8 Integrated soil microcosms
  • 1.9 Aims of the project
• Chapter 2. Materials and methods
  • 2.1. Soil collection
  • 2.2 Soil physical and chemical characterization
  • 2.3 Integrated Soil Microcosms
  • 2.4 Experimental design
    • 2.4.1 Experiment 1: Caesium
    • 2.4.2 Experiment 2: Cs and Pb as a mixture of contaminants
  • 2.5 Soil sampling, digestion and chemical analysis
  • 2.6 Leachate assessment
  • 2.7 Earthworm sampling, digestion and chemical analysis
  • 2.8 Plant sampling, wet digestion and chemical analysis
  • 2.9 Data analysis
• Chapter 3. Results
  • 3.1 Physical and chemical characteristics of soil
  • 3.2 Caesium experiment
    • 3.2.1. Soil parameters after 2 and 4 weeks in experimental ISMs
    • 3.2.2 Caesium in soils after 2 and 4 weeks
    • 3.2.3 Effects of Cs on leachates
      • 3.2.3.1 Leachate pH
      • 3.2.3.2 Caesium concentration in leachates
    • 3.2.4 Effects of Cs on earthworms
      • 3.2.4.1 Earthworm survival
      • 3.2.4.2 Effects of Cs on earthworm distribution
      • 3.2.4.3 Effects of Cs on earthworm biomass
      • 3.2.4.4 Caesium accumulation in earthworms
      • 3.2.4.5 Caesium transfer factor (TF)
      • 3.2.4.6 Total uptake of Cs by earthworms
    • 3.2.5 Effects of Cs on plants
      • 3.2.5.1 Effects of Cs on plant germination rate
      • 3.2.5.2 Effects of Cs on plant growth (shoot length)
      • 3.2.5.3 Effects of Cs on plant biomass
      • 3.2.5.4 Caesium accumulation by plants
      • 3.2.5.5 Caesium transfer factor (TF) in plants
      • 3.2.5.6 Comparison of shoot and roots -translocation factor
      • 3.2.5.7 Caesium total uptake in plants
  • 3.3 Lead and Caesium+Lead as a mixture experiment
    • 3.3.1 Soil parameters after the 4 week experiment
    • 3.3.2 Lead concentration in soils
    • 3.3.3 Caesium concentration in soils
    • 3.3.4 Potassium concentration in soils
    • 3.3.5 Effects of Pb only and Cs+Pb on leachates
      • 3.3.5.1 pH of leachates
      • 3.3.5.2 Lead concentration in leachates
      • 3.3.5.3 Caesium and potassium concentration in leachates
    • 3.3.6 Effects of Pb only and Cs+Pb as a mixture on earthworms
      • 3.3.6.1 Effects of Pb only and Cs+Pb on earthworm survival
      • 3.3.6.2 Effects of Pb only and Cs+Pb on earthworm distribution
      • 3.3.6.3 Effects of Pb only and Cs+Pb on earthworm fresh biomass
      • 3.3.6.4 Lead accumulation in earthworms
      • 3.3.6.5 Lead transfer factor in earthworms
      • 3.3.6.6 Lead total uptake in earthworms
      • 3.3.6.7 Caesium in earthworms
      • 3.3.6.8 Caesium transfer factor in earthworms
      • 3.3.6.9 Caesium total uptake in earthworms
      • 3.3.6.10 Potassium in earthworms
    • 3.3.7 Effects of Pb only and Cs+Pb as a mixture on plants
      • 3.3.7.1 Plant germination
      • 3.3.7.2 Plant growth (shoot length)
      • 3.3.7.3 Above ground dried biomass of plants
      • 3.3.7.4 Pb accumulation in plants
      • 3.3.7.5 Lead transfer factor in sunflowers
      • 3.3.7.6 Lead translocation factor in sunflowers
      • 3.3.7.7 Total uptake of Pb in sunflowers
      • 3.3.7.8 Caesium accumulation by plants
      • 3.3.7.9 Caesium transfer factor of sunflowers
      • 3.3.7.10 Caesium translocation factor
      • 3.3.7.11 Total uptake of Cs in sunflowers
      • 3.3.7.12 Potassium in plants
  • 3.4 Estimation of the time required for effective phytoremediation
• Chapter 4. Discussion
  • 4.1 Integrated soil microcosms
  • 4.2 Change of soil properties and metals in soil during the experiments
    • 4.2.1 Caesium in soils
    • 4.2.2 Lead in soils
  • 4.3 Leachates
  • 4.4 Earthworms
    • 4.4.1 Mortality and mobility of earthworms
    • 4.4.2 Caesium and Pb accumulation by earthworms
  • 4.5 Plants
    • 4.5.1 Plant germination, growth and biomass
    • 4.5.2 Caesium and Pb accumulation by plants
  • 4.6 Remediation efficiency
• 5. Conclusions
• 6. Future work
• References